Blog

Page 3 of 4.

A fire research hall with the two rivals side by side: the long horizontal steel duct of an ASTM E84 Steiner tunnel with small flames glowing behind its round observation windows, next to a full-scale ISO 9705 room corner test with flames rising from the corner burner and smoke pouring into a stainless-steel exhaust hood.

Fire Testing

ASTM E84 vs ISO 9705: Why Fire Tests Disagree on Walls

How the ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel and the ISO 9705 room corner test can rate the same wall lining Class A and a flashover hazard, and which to trust.

July 10, 2026 · 15 min read

A sofa fully engulfed in flames on a weighing platform beneath the stainless-steel exhaust hood of a furniture calorimeter in a fire research laboratory, with gas analyser racks beside it — the setup that measures the heat release rate of burning objects.

Fire Testing

Heat Release Rate: Why HRR Is the King of Fire Science

Why heat release rate is the single most important number in fire science: how labs measure it, what it predicts, and why it outranks smoke toxicity.

July 3, 2026 · 12 min read

A dark living room early in a house fire, seen from floor level: a thick black smoke layer presses down from the ceiling and glows orange, while a thin band of clearer air remains near the floor over a sofa, coffee table, and doorway — showing why smoke inhalation strikes before the flames reach you.

Fire Fundamentals

Smoke Inhalation: Why the Upper Layer Kills You First

Smoke inhalation kills more fire victims than flame does. Here is the toxic upper layer, the CO and HCN dose, and the FED clock that times your escape.

June 26, 2026 · 15 min read

A dried-out Christmas tree in a dark living room engulfed in fierce orange flames that climb to the ceiling, with thick black smoke spreading overhead and a warm glow falling on a sofa and wrapped gifts below — the start of a flashover.

Fire in Daily Life

Christmas Tree Fire: Flashover in 60 Seconds Explained

A dry Christmas tree fire can hit 7 megawatts and flash a whole room in under a minute. Here is the NIST science, second by second, and why water stops it.

June 19, 2026 · 8 min read

View up the inside of a masonry chimney flue with clay tiles coated in glossy black creosote tar, lit by a fierce orange fire glow and rising sparks from below — the start of a chimney fire.

Fire in Daily Life

Chimney Fire Science: Why Creosote Turns Flues Into Fuel

A chimney fire can hit 1090 °C and crack a clay flue liner in minutes. Here is the creosote science behind it, and why an annual sweep stops it.

June 12, 2026 · 12 min read

A thick mat of soft grey clothes-dryer lint held in warm window light against a dark laundry room, with a small orange ember glowing at one edge and a thin wisp of smoke rising, showing how easily fine lint ignites.

Fire in Daily Life

Dryer Fire Science: The Physics of Why Lint Ignites

A dryer fire almost always starts with lint. Here is the surface-area physics that turns soft fluff into fast fuel, plus the simple habit that prevents it.

June 5, 2026 · 12 min read

Wide cinematic cutaway photograph of a tall office tower at night under a deep-blue winter sky with snow blowing past lit windows; inside, a single illuminated emergency stairwell runs the full height of the building like a glowing vertical spine, with faint pale arrows of rising air suggesting stack effect drawing upward through the shaft — calm, architectural documentary framing that shows why a stairwell pressurization system behaves so differently on the coldest night of the year

Fire Safety Engineering

Stack Effect: Why Stairwell Pressurization Fails in Winter

On the coldest night of the year, stack effect can reverse a stairwell pressurization system and pull smoke into the stairs occupants flee through.

May 29, 2026 · 15 min read

Wide overhead photograph at dusk of a low-rise New York City brownstone vestibule with a beat-up delivery e-bike leaning against the iron handrail of the front stoop; a single bright orange ember glows on the taped-up battery casing while a delivery rider in a quilted jacket walks past on the sidewalk — calm, unstaged street-level framing showing exactly where lithium-ion battery fires actually start, in residential entryways and stairwells of low-rise New York City buildings rather than open garages

Battery Fire Safety

NYC's 2023 Battery Fires: 268 Incidents, 18 Deaths

In one year, New York logged 268 lithium-ion battery fires and 18 deaths from e-bikes and e-scooters — and rewrote micromobility safety law.

May 23, 2026 · 15 min read

Wide overhead photograph of an open multi-storey car park at dusk with a single white electric crossover parked in a marked EV charging bay glowing under a soft blue LED sign that reads CHARGING — beside it sit two ordinary silver and red gasoline sedans; a gentle wisp of pale white vapour curls from the rear wheel arch of the EV while the petrol cars sit silent — the calm neutral framing emphasises that EV fires happen far less often than gas car fires yet remain operationally harder to fight

Battery Fire Safety

Are EV Fires Really More Common Than Gas Car Fires?

Across U.S., Swedish, Australian, Norwegian and Polish data, EV fires happen 20 to 80 times less often than gas car fires per registered vehicle.

May 15, 2026 · 9 min read

Modern fire-safety engineer's office at golden hour with a wall-mounted F-N curve chart — red intolerable zone above a downward-sloping diagonal, amber ALARP carpet in the middle, green broadly acceptable zone below, dotted plant curve descending through the carpet — and an engineer's hand pointing at the chart with a red marker

Fire Risk Assessment

F-N Curve and Societal Risk: Drawing the Line on Safety

An F-N curve maps the societal risk a regulator will tolerate. Here is the math, the slope, the ALARP carpet, and where each sector draws the line.

May 8, 2026 · 19 min read

Side-by-side fire-safety laboratory thermal-runaway test on a clean white background — left: a single cylindrical green LFP 18650 cell on a stainless-steel rig venting a slow controlled plume of pale grey smoke from its scored positive vent with only a small dim flame, instrumented with thin K-type thermocouple wires; right: an identical purple-cased high-nickel NMC 18650 cell undergoing violent thermal runaway, ejecting a powerful directional jet of bright yellow-orange flame and white-hot sparks straight upward inside a turbulent black-edged smoke plume, casing visibly bulging

Battery Fire Safety

LFP vs NMC Battery Safety: Why Chemistry Decides Fire Risk

LFP vs NMC battery chemistry sets the fire risk before any vent opens. Here is why one chemistry burns hotter, vents more gas, and explodes more often.

May 2, 2026 · 11 min read

Side-by-side fire-safety laboratory test showing a swollen LiPo battery pouch cell on the left with bulging aluminium-plastic laminate and exposed jellyroll layers, next to a vented 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion cell on the right emitting a bright directional jet flame from its scored positive-terminal vent

Battery Fire Safety

Why a LiPo Battery Is Really a Lithium-Ion Battery

A LiPo battery is a lithium-ion battery. The polymer only names the gel and pouch. Here is why that matters for fire safety.

April 20, 2026 · 7 min read